Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump. By Swapnil patel 

PRINCIPLE: Reciprocating pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a reciprocating motion in a closed fitting cylinder.

DIAGRAM

CONTRUCTION DETAILS OF A RECIPROCATIN PUMP:

Components of reciprocating pumps:-

a) Piston or plunger: – a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted cylinder.

b) Crank and Connecting rod: – crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by a power source. Power source gives rotary motion to crank. With the help of connecting rod we translate reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder.

c) Suction pipe: – one end of suction pipe remains dip in the liquid and other end attached to the inlet of the cylinder.

d) Delivery pipe: – one end of delivery pipe attached with delivery part and other end at discharge point.

e) Suction and Delivery value: – suction and delivery values are provided at the suction end and delivery end respectively. These values are non-return values.

WORKING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

Operation of reciprocating motion is done by the power source (i.e. electric motor or i.c engine, etc). Power source gives rotary motion to crank; with the help of connecting rod we translate reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder (i.e. intermediate link between connecting rod and piston). When crank moves from inner dead centre to outer dead centre vacuum will create in the cylinder. When piston moves outer dead centre to inner dead centre and piston force the water at outlet or delivery value

        The process for making                       Portland cement

Materials that contain appropriate amounts of calcium compounds, silica, alumina and iron oxide are crushed and screened and placed in a rotating cement kiln. Ingredients used in this process are typically materials such as limestone, sandstone, marl, shale, iron, clay, and fly ash.

The kiln resembles a large horizontal pipe with a diameter of 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.1 meters) and a length of 300 feet (90 meters) or more. One end is raised slightly. The raw mix is placed in the high end and as the kiln rotates the materials move slowly toward the lower end. Flame jets are at the lower end and all the materials in the kiln are heated to high temperatures that range between 1450 and 1650 Celsius (2700 and 3000 Fahrenheit). 
 
This high heat drives off, or calcines, the chemically combined water and carbon dioxide from the raw materials and forms new compounds (tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite). For each ton of material that goes into the feed end of the kiln, two thirds of a ton then comes out the discharge end, called clinker. This clinker is in the form of marble sized pellets.

Chemistry of dyes

                       Chemistry of dyes
                       

A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. It is an ionizing and aromatic organic compound, with Chromophores as a major component. Their structures have Aryl rings that have delocalized electron systems. These structures are said to be responsible for the absorptio7n of electromagnetic radiation that has varying wavelengths, based upon the energy of the electron clouds.

                           

           Dyeing process

Dyeing is the method of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns, fabrics, leather, plastics, paint, printing and many others. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material.

Classification of dyes

Dyes are classified based on following factors

Chemical composition

Nature of nuclear structure

Various industrial uses

Sources of origin

Miscellaneous factors

By Swapnil patel

Chemical safety

             

                                 Chlorine is a toxic gas. Nevertheless, it is used for many tasks, e.g. for disinfection in swimming baths. Changing the gas cylinders has to be done very carefully, but without fear. This short safety instruction can be used to highlight specific aspects of handling gas cylinders especially in public swimming bath. The safety briefing set enables superiors to share their knowledge about safe working to their subordinates and colleagues, especially with vulnerable groups.

                                                        Working with hazardous substances may be dangerous for safety and health. Therefore, at least some basic information is required. This short safety instruction can be used to highlight specific aspects of handling hazardous substances at the workplace, in particular for small and mediumsized enterprises. The safety briefing set enables superiors to share their knowledge about safe working to their subordinates and colleagues, especially with vulnerable groups.

Industrial Chemical

generator. Engineers working to produce a sustainable process for use in the chemical industry need to know how to design a sustainable process in which the system can withstand or manipulate process-halting conditions such as heat, friction, pressure, emissions, and contaminants.
From the perspective of chemical engineers, the chemical industry involves the use of chemical processes such as chemical reactions and refining methods to produce a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. Most of these products serve to manufacture other items, although a smaller number go directly to consumers. Solvents, pesticides, lye, washing soda, and portland cement provide a few examples of product used by consumers.

The industry includes manufacturers of inorganic- and organic-industrial chemicals, ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers and rubber (elastomers), oleochemicals (oils, fats, and waxes), explosives, fragrances and flavors. Examples of these products are shown in the Table below.

Product Type Examples
inorganic industrial ammonia, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid
organic industrial acrylonitrile, phenol, ethylene oxide, urea
ceramic products silica brick, frit
petrochemicals ethylene, propylene, benzene, styrene
agrochemicals fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides
polymers polyethylene, Bakelite, polyester
elastomers polyisoprene, neoprene, polyurethane
oleochemicals lard, soybean oil, stearic acid
explosives nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate, nitrocellulose
fragrances and flavors benzyl benzoate, coumarin, vanillin
industrial gases nitrogen, oxygen, acetylene, nitrous oxide
Although the pharmaceutical industry is often considered[who?] a chemical industry , it has many different characteristics that puts it in a separate category. Other closely related industries include petroleum, glass, paint, ink, sealant, adhesive, and food processing manufacturers.

Chemical processes such as chemical reactions operate in chemical plants to form new substances in various types of reaction vessels. In many cases the reactions take place in special corrosion-resistant equipment at elevated temperatures and pressures with the use of catalysts. The products of these reactions are separated using a variety of techniques including distillation especially fractional distillation, precipitation, crystallization, adsorption, filtration, sublimation, and drying.

The processes and product or products are usually tested during and after manufacture by dedicated instruments and on-site quality control laboratories to ensure safe operation and to assure that the product will meet required specifications. More organizations within the industry are implementing chemical compliance software to maintain quality products and manufacturing standards.[16] The products are packaged and delivered by many methods, including pipelines, tank-cars, and tank-trucks (for both solids and liquids), cylinders, drums, bottles, and boxes. Chemical companies often have a research-and-development laboratory for developing and testing products and processes. These facilities may include pilot plants, and such research facilities may be located at a site separate from the production plant(s).